Decades after the Battle of Big Hole in Montana in 1877, Nez Perce woman Penahwenonmi (Helping Another, 1840-1938) remembered vividly the atrocities of the war. “I hid under some willow brush…. A little girl lay close, my arm over her. Bullets cut twigs down on us like rain. The little girl was killed. Killed under my arm,” as Penahwenonmi told Lucullus Virgil McWhorter, a white Ohio farmer who in the early twentieth century set out to collect Nez Perce testimonies of the Nez Perce War.¹ Penahwenonmi’s words challenge the perceived masculine nature of warfare and remind us that women’s experiences were an integral part of the story. Nez Perce women’s suffering and resilience left important marks on the land where the Big Hole National Battlefield stands.